Optimum Stimulation Level — Exploratory Behavior Scale
Optimum Stimulation Level — Exploratory Behavior Scale — A 39-item scale measuring individual differences in optimal stimulation level and associated exploratory tendencies including variety seeking, novelty seeking, and risk taking.
What it measures
A 39-item scale measuring individual differences in optimal stimulation level and associated exploratory tendencies including variety seeking, novelty seeking, and risk taking.
Scale items
The item wording is under the publisher's copyright, so we do not reproduce it here. You can find the full items in the original article (see the DOI below). In Explonia, signed-in users get this scale complete in the built-in library and can add it to their own study — no need to find the items yourself. For use in your own research; please cite the original source.
Source and citation
Raju, P. S. (1980). Optimum Stimulation Level: Its Relationship to Personality, Demographics, and Exploratory Behavior. Journal of Consumer Research. https://doi.org/10.1086/208815
Reference table
| Property | Detail |
|---|---|
| Construct | Optimum Stimulation Level — Exploratory Behavior Scale |
| Number of items | 9 |
| Response format | Likert-like |
| Journal | Journal of Consumer Research (1980) |
| DOI | 10.1086/208815 |
How to cite this page
If this page helped your research, you can cite it (APA 7):
Szymkowiak, A. (2026). Optimum Stimulation Level — Exploratory Behavior Scale — validated scale (1980). Explonia. https://explonia.com/scales/optimum-stimulation-level-exploratory-behavior-scale/
Last updated: August 2026
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